IMPROV Online Traffic School
Chapter 8: Safety Equipment and Vehicle Maintenance

A sudden vehicle breakdown can cause a serious crash.

A simple leak, which costs a few bucks to fix, can result in hundreds of dollars in future repairs if you leave it unattended.

If your car's temperature is rising or the low oil light flashes while you're driving, pull over and stop when it is safe to do so. Driving with low coolant or oil may stall your vehicle and could cause irreversible damage to your engine.

Required Safety Equipment

The following is a list of required safety equipment and some reasons why you need it.

Mirrors:

You probably don't need to read the California vehicle code to know that you need mirrors on your vehicle. They are, after all, a pretty good source of information for the driver.

Motorcycles must have at least 1 mirror located so that the mirror reflects back to the driver a view of at least 200 feet. All other vehicles registered in CA (except motorcycles) must have at least 2 mirrors — including one on the left hand (driver's) side. Most cars and trucks these days come with mirrors on both the driver and passenger side, along with a rear view mirror inside the vehicle. Your second mirror can be either the rear view mirror or the right side mirror.

There are some conditions under which the law requires that your vehicle (except motorcycles) have both a left and right hand side mirror. They are:

• If the vehicle is constructed or loaded in such a way that the driver's view to the rear (for at least 220 feet) is obstructed.
• If you are towing another vehicle and the towed vehicle or load thereon obstructs the driver's view to the rear.
• If you are driving a bus or trolley coach.

Safety Belts

These should be available for every passenger, and not stuck under the seat! As a matter of fact, this is such an important component, we have dedicated a whole section to this topic later in this chapter.

Headlights

You are required to turn on your headlights anytime during darkness and/or when there is inclement weather (if you cannot clearly see at least 1,000 feet in front of you, or if you are using your wipers due to rain, snow, etc).

WINDSHIELD WIPERS ON = HEADLIGHTS ON

Low beams: should illuminate the road at least 100 feet ahead of you.

High beams: should illuminate the road at least 350 feet ahead of you. Keep them clean and check for burned out bulbs. You should always make sure that your high beams aren't directly in the eyes of oncoming drivers.

Auxiliary Driving Lamps

Any motor vehicle may be equipped with two auxiliary driving lamps mounted on the front at a height of not less than 16 inches nor more than 42 inches. Driving lamps are lamps designed for supplementing the upper beam from headlamps and may not be lighted with the lower beam.

Fog Lamps

Any motor vehicle may be equipped with two fog lamps which may be used with, but shall not be used in substitution of, headlamps. Fog lamps shall be mounted on the front at a height of not less than 12 inches nor more than 30 inches.

In addition, the headlamps should be so arranged that the selection can be made automatically.

Upper and Lower Beam

Except as otherwise provided, the headlamps, or other auxiliary driving lamps, or a combination thereof, on a motor vehicle during darkness shall be so arranged that the driver may select at will between distributions of light projected to different elevations, and the lamps may, in addition, be so arranged that the selection can be made automatically.

In other words, your headlights—and auxiliary headlights—must be set up so that the driver of your vehicle can quickly select high or low beams to project light to different elevations.

Use of Multiple Beams

When driving during darkness, you should use the correct lighting that provides sufficient intensity to reveal persons and vehicles at a safe distance in advance of the vehicle, subject to the following requirements and limitations:

• Whenever you approach an oncoming vehicle within 500 feet, you should use a distribution of light or composite beam so aimed that the glaring rays are not projected into the eyes of the oncoming driver.
• Use your low beams to avoid glare at all times regardless of road contour.
• Whenever you follow another vehicle within 300 feet to the rear, use your low beams.

Single Beams

Headlamps arranged to provide a single distribution of light not supplemented by auxiliary driving lamps are permitted on motor vehicles manufactured and sold prior to September 19, 1940, in lieu of multiple-beam road lighting equipment if the single distribution of light complies with the following requirements and limitations:

The intensity shall be sufficient to reveal persons and vehicles at a distance of at least 200 feet. (This usually doesn't matter, because the only people who own cars made before 1940 are rich guys who go for Sunday afternoon cruises.)

Maximum Number of Lamps

You cannot have more than four lamps (no matter how cool it may look) of the following types showing to the front of a vehicle lighted at any one time:

• Headlamps.
• Auxiliary driving or passing lamps.
• Fog lamps.
• Warning lamps.
• Spot lamps.
• Gaseous discharge lamps.

Turn signal lights

You should have flashing signal lights on the front and rear of your vehicle, which are visible from 300 feet and clearly indicate an intention to turn. The front turn signals should be white or amber, and the rear turn signals red or amber.

Lights:

• A white light—The light on your license plate should make the numbers on the plate readable from a distance of 50 feet. (That way the cop can call it in quicker when he pulls you over).
• Two tail lights—Red in color and visible 1,000 feet behind your vehicle.
• Brake Lights—There should be two stop lights, bright enough that you can tell them apart from the tail lights and visible 300 feet behind you during the day and at night.
• Back up light—You should have at least one white light in the back of your vehicle that lights up when you put your car in reverse warning other drivers that you are backing up or are about to back up.

Brake System

Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a service brake system and every motor vehicle, other than a motorcycle, shall be equipped with a parking brake system. Both the service brake and parking brake shall be separately applied.

If the two systems are connected in any way, they shall be so constructed that failure of any one part, except failure in the drums, brake shoes, or other mechanical parts of the wheel brake assemblies, shall not leave the motor vehicle without operative brakes.

The parking brake must be able to hold your vehicle stationary on any grade. The parking brake shall be applied either by the driver's muscular efforts, by spring action, or by other energy which is isolated and used exclusively for the operation of the parking brake or the combination parking brake and emergency stopping system. The parking brake shall be held in the applied position solely by mechanical means.

The service brakes of your vehicle must be able to control the movement of and to stop and hold your vehicle under all conditions of loading on any grade on which it is operated.

Your vehicle, at any time and under all conditions of loading, shall, upon application of the service brake, be capable of stopping from an initial speed of 20 miles per hour according to the following requirements:

	Maximum Stopping Distance (feet)
Any passenger vehicle	25
Any single motor vehicle with a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating of less than 10,000 lbs	30
Any combination of vehicles consisting of a passenger vehicle or any motor vehicle with a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating of less than 10,000 lbs. in combination with any trailer, semi-trailer or trailer coach	40
Any single motor vehicle with a manufacturer's gross vehicle weight rating of 10,000 lbs. or more or any bus	40
All other combinations of vehicles	50

Check the pads and parking brake systems regularly. All brakes and component parts should be maintained in good condition and in good working order. The brakes must be adjusted as to operate as equally as practicable with respect to the wheels on opposite sides of the vehicle.

Tires

Tread Depth of Pneumatic Tires

CA law requires that all pneumatic tires on passenger vehicles have at least 1/32nd of an inch tread depth in any two adjacent grooves. You can gauge the depth of your tire treads by inserting a penny into the tread. If you can see Lincoln's entire head, it's time for you to get new tires. If you can see his nose, it's time to start comparing tire prices.

Snow Tires

There must be 6/32 of an inch tread depth at all points in all major grooves when snow tires are used in lieu of tire traction devices in posted traction device control areas. You should also equalize the wear on your tires by having them rotated at least every 12,000 miles.

Horn

Every motor vehicle, when operated upon a highway, shall be equipped with a horn in good working order and capable of emitting sound audible under normal conditions from a distance of not less than 200 feet, but no horn shall emit an unreasonably loud or harsh sound that is heard outside the vehicle from more than 50 feet… in other words don't make so much noise that it drowns out that loud car stereo of yours.

Muffler

To reduce noise and pollution, it is illegal to remove or disconnect any pollution control device on your vehicle. I'm sure that law makes us all breathe a little easier.

 

Windshield

The windshield must be made of special safety glass and cannot be tinted with any film that restricts your view or makes the surface reflective. Any crack in the windshield, regardless of size, must be repaired within 48 hours. Even a tiny chip could violate the integrity of the windshield and cause it to shatter.

It is against the law to drive with any defective
or obstructed windshield or rear window.

Windshield stickers, etc., are permitted only in four places:

• A seven inch square in the lower corner of the windshield farthest from the driver.
• A five inch square in the lower corner of the windshield nearest the driver.
• A seven inch square in the lower corner of the rear window farthest removed from the driver.
• Side windows to the rear of the driver.

Windshield Wipers

To keep the dirt and rainwater away from your windshield, you will need two windshield wipers. Check the wiper fluid and replace the rubber blades regularly.

Check Your Fluids

Check all your fluids: oil, water, steering, transmission, brake. Change and check all the light bulbs and listen for unusual noises and sounds. These are probably the easiest and most important maintenance tips. Driving without water or oil can cause thousands of dollars in damage to your engine, when it costs $20 to $35 to change the oil in your vehicle. You can add water for free at most service stations.

Now, with all the precautions you are going to take after you complete this course, your chances of being involved in a crash, assuming you follow our advice, will be drastically reduced. However, you should be prepared — just in case.

Safety Features

Headrests

One of the most overlooked safety features in your vehicle are the headrests. Believe it or not, they are not just for comfort but are a very important safety device. If your headrest is not properly adjusted, and you are involved in a crash, your head will actually snap back. I'm sure you've heard of the term WHIPLASH. The headrest should always be adjusted so that it fits right along the center of the back of your head.

Airbags

The invisible safety feature in most newer cars today is the airbag. Airbags are designed to soften the force of impact during a crash. Many manufacturers are also installing side and head airbags as well.

Airbags only absorb the initial impact in a crash. If you are involved in a crash where your vehicle hits more than one object, it's only effective during the initial impact. There is still a danger of sustaining injuries from a secondary collision. Air bags are more effective in certain types of crashes than others. They're more effective in a head-on collision versus a crash that occurs from an angle. The airbag alone is not adequate protection. It will only do its job if combined with properly worn and properly adjusted headrest and safety belt.

How does an airbag work? There is this little sensor installed somewhere in front of the driver under the hood. If this section of the vehicle is jarred by a collision, the sensor sends a message to the airbag to activate.

From 1987 to 2006, a total of 22,466 lives were saved by airbags

Traffic Safety Facts 2006-Occupant Protection

There are actually some dangers associated with airbags! Let's put few things in perspective. The airbag is a very important safety feature in your car, but like anything else, it could have an adverse effect if not properly used. Because of the force produced when the air bag inflates, it could cause injuries or death to small children and even to adults.

Here are some basic precautions you should follow:

• Position your seat as far away from the airbag as possible


And this is how cars are really made.…

…what happens when you cross
a Honda with a Toyota?

• Don't sit any closer than ten inches from the steering wheel
• Place children and special child seats in the back seat
• If you absolutely must place a child on the front seat, move the seat as far back as it will go.
  If you don't think you can follow these guidelines, you might have one other option. Some newer cars allow you to install a kill switch to disconnect your passenger side air bags. If your car doesn't have that feature, you can take it to your dealership or an authorized mechanic.
• Place children and special child seats in the back seat
• You must get permission from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration before you install a kill switch or deactivate the airbag.

Safety Belts & Child Seats

California law requires all passengers of cars, pickup trucks, and vans, who are six years of age or older or weigh 60 lbs. or more to be properly restrained while the car is moving. Drivers will be held responsible and fined for passengers younger than 16 years of age who are found unrestrained, regardless of seating position.

The law exempts only the following from the seat belt requirements:

• Any person certified by a physician as having a medical condition that causes the seat belt use to be inappropriate or dangerous.
• Employee of a newspaper home delivery service while delivering newspapers on home delivery routes.
• School buses.
• Buses used for transportation of persons for compensation.
• Farm equipment.
• Trucks of a net weight of more than 5,000 pounds.
• Motorcycle, moped or bicycle.

Remember to wear lap belts around your hips, not your stomach. Fasten them snugly. Wear a shoulder belt only with a lap belt. Don't just use your safety belt for long trips or high-speed highways. More than half of the crashes that cause injury or death happen at speeds less than 40 mph, and within 5 miles of home.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that
if ALL passenger vehicle occupants over age 4 wore safety belts,
20,824 lives (that is, an additional 5,441) could have been saved in 2006

Traffic Safety Facts 2006-Occupant Protection

Nationally, in 2006, an estimated 55% of all vehicle occupants killed in crashes were unbelted (for which restraint use was known). The statistics are even more alarming for pickup truck drivers. In 2006, 68% of the pickup truck drivers killed in traffic crashes were not using restraints.

Protecting Children

ALL CHILDREN UNDER 6 YEARS OLD AND WEIGHING
LESS THAN 60 POUNDS MUST BE SECURED IN THE BACK SEAT
AND SEATED IN AN APPROVED* CHILD RESTRAINT DEVICE
WHEN RIDING IN A MOTOR VEHICLE.

*All infant carriers and car seats must be crash-tested and approved by the U.S. Government.

Are you aware that traffic crashes are the number one killer of young children in this country?

This is a very serious issue.

Of the 427 fatalities among children under 5 years old for which restraint use was known, an estimated 149 or 35% were unrestrained.

NHTSA Traffic Safety Facts 2006 - Children

A child who is required to be secured in a child safety seat (under 6 years and under 60 pounds), should always be secured in the rear seat of the vehicle.

A child is allowed to be secured in the front seat of the vehicle only if:

• There is no rear seat.
• The rear seats are side-facing jump seats.
• The rear seats are rear-facing seats.
• The restraint system cannot be installed properly in the rear seat.
• All rear seats are occupied by children under the age of 12 years.
• Medical reasons necessitate that the child not ride in the rear (proof of the child's medical condition may be required).

A child or ward may not ride in the front seat of a motor vehicle with an active passenger airbag if the child or ward is one of the following:

• Under one year of age.
• Less than 20 pounds.
• Riding in a rear-facing child passenger restraint system.

Remember, the back seat is generally the safest place in the car for all children 12 years of age or younger.

Child Restraint Use and Benefits

Research on the effectiveness of child safety seats has found them to reduce fatal injury by 71 percent for infants (less than 1 year old) and by 54 percent for toddlers (1-4 years old) in passenger cars. For infants and toddlers in light trucks, the corresponding reductions are 58 percent and 59 percent, respectively.

NHTSA Traffic Safety Facts 2006 - Children

In the United States, an average of 5 children 0-14 years old are killed and 568 are injured every day in motor vehicle crashes

NHTSA Traffic Safety Facts 2006 - Children

Penalties for not having your children restrained properly are:

• You could be fined up to $100 for the 1st offense or referred to a community education program.
• You could be fined up to $250 for 2nd and subsequent offenses $250.00 or referred to a community education program.

The most important safety feature on your vehicle is safety belts.

If the seat belt is broken or under the seat and not accessible to the passenger, then the driver may not take a passenger in the car. It is the driver's responsibility to ensure when you have a passenger in the car, that they have a seat belt available to them.

Why Should You Wear Your Seatbelt?

THE FORCE OF IMPACT

The force with which a moving car hits another object is called the "Force of Impact." Three factors affect the "Force of Impact":

• Speed of the car: The force of impact at 20 mph is four times that at 10 mph. And the force of impact at 30 mph is nine times greater that at 10 mph.
• Weight of the car: The heavier a car is, the harder it will hit any other object.
• Impact distance: The force of impact also depends on the distance a moving vehicle travels between first impact with an object and the point where the vehicle comes to a full stop. When a car hits an unmoving solid object, the impact distance is short. The object does not "cave in" at impact, and so kinetic energy is spent immediately on impact. The shorter the impact distance, the greater the damage.

Reducing the Force of Impact

Many newer model cars have features that help increase impact distance by absorbing the energy. These features include airbags; crumple zones; automatic seat belts; head restraints; energy absorbing bumpers, steering columns, and wheels; padded dashboards; safety glass windshields; and reinforced sides.

Hitting your head at 15 mph has the same force of impact as being hit with a sledge hammer? The same force!

At 30 mph, it's like your head is being shot out of a cannon. A cannonball goes 30 mph when it's first fired. Your head weighs almost as much as a cannonball. So, it's like your head is being shot out of a cannon right into your dashboard. (Kind of like a circus performance with a real bad ending.)

Force of Impact Crash Stories

Everything in your car today is collapsible. Vehicles are designed to collapse from the force of impact. Even with improved designs and new technology you still need to wear a safety belt. Have you ever seen those crash dummy films? They show the dummies crashing into a wall at just 15 mph. You wouldn't think this could happen, but the dummy hit the mirror and the impact took off half the side of the dummy's head.

 

Anything you have on your back-dashboard, get rid of it!

Those cans of soda, eyeglasses, bowling balls on your back-dash, get rid of them! Can you imagine getting killed by one of those bobbing head dogs that they sell in the store? Everybody at your funeral will be bobbin' their heads, and saying "That's how he died!"

Police crash investigators say that in crashes of 60 mph, an ink pen from the back-dashboard will go through the front windshield. If a pen can go through the front windshield, it will go through your head.

Have you ever been to a junkyard? The cars are mangled, but the front seat of the car is exactly where the manufacturer installed it, and in good condition. The entire car is destroyed, but the front seat is in perfect condition. That's why people walk away even from the worst crashes you could ever have imagined. When you're buckled up, you're tied to that front seat. It's the center of the car, and nothing moves. So if you're tied to the front seat with a safety belt, you'll walk away. Many times a car is totally demolished, then you see pictures and headlines in the newspaper, "Would you believe that this person survived and walked away without a scratch?" Yet you still have people saying, "I don't want to use my seatbelt. I might be injured by the seat belt."

In our classroom course, we would take someone who said they didn't fasten their seat belt and blindfold them. The instructor would get them up in front of the group and spin them around 10 times. Then tell them to walk as fast as they can. The person with the blindfold would say "No, I'm not walking." Do you know why? They were scared to walk into the wall. The instructor would say "You mean, you're afraid to walk into a wall, but yet you drive your car at 60 mph without a safety belt."

Excuses For Not Wearing Your Safety Belt:

Top Five:

1. It wrinkles my clothes
2. They're uncomfortable
3. I forgot to do the belt
4. They're broken
5. I can brace myself in a crash. I can brace myself because I'm a strong.

Some people think because their car is equipped with an airbag they don't have to wear their safety belt. Airbags will save your life, sometimes in a head-on collision. But, you still have to wear your safety belt with an airbag.

Two people in our classroom course got into a crash and their car went up on two of its side wheels. If you didn't have a seat belt on, your weight would shift. You would move all over the compartment of your vehicle. Fortunately, they were wearing their seat belts and were able to recover, and get up right again.

What if you're in a collision where you get hit from the side or from an angle that could cause the vehicle to spin? You could be ejected from the car. But, if you have your seat belt on, you stay behind the wheel. You're controlling your vehicle, and you can get out of danger. Some people say, "I'd rather be thrown from the car."

You're 25 times more likely to be killed if you are thrown from your car.

People always have fantastic stories about not wearing their seat belt. "My cousin was thrown from his car, landed on a trampoline and lived!" There are freak crashes where people survive getting thrown from a car. Those are the ones you read about. When there's a freak crash, the media loves it. People love to talk about it. It's memorable! Someone always has an amazing story about people getting thrown out of their car. They say "I'm going to tell everybody about it. I landed in a mattress factory and survived."

Plane crashes rarely happen. Your chance of being in a plane crash is 1 out of 15 million but, some people are afraid to fly. If a plane were to crash, even if no one's injured or killed, it's on the top of the news. Car crashes occur all the time. There's a car crash every five seconds in this country, but you're not afraid to get in your car and drive. The chance of you being in a plane crash is low, but you're still afraid to fly, because you think it's going to crash. You should be more afraid of driving your car. A guy was thrown from his car. He hit a tree and his own car pinned him up against the tree. So it's much worse to get thrown from your car than to stay in that cocoon tied to your front seat.

Some people think they might burn or drown in their car if they wear their seat belt. That's a rare thing. Your chances of being involved in a crash and your car catching on fire or landing in water is .04%.

"I can brace myself before the crash." You cannot brace yourself. A 30 mph crash is the same force of impact as falling off a four-story building. It's the same force as holding up elephant with one arm. You can't do it! Imagine that you are on the fourth floor of a building where there's a balcony. Could you dive off the balcony and land on the sidewalk in the pushup position? You couldn't. It's impossible and so is the idea of bracing yourself before a crash.

Did you know that most crashes occur within five miles of your home?

How many times do you go back and forth from your house?

1. You go to work.
2. You come back home.
3. You go to the bank.
4. You come back home.
5. You go shopping.
6. You come back home.

That was 6 times in one day that you went to and from your house. Most of you are going to and from your house at least two times a day.

It is extremely important to wear your safety belts properly. The lap belt is designed to go across your hip bones and the shoulder strap over your collar bone. Because of the force generated during a car crash, your bones are the only things that will stop you. Never wear your seat belt across your stomach. Many injuries are caused by people wearing their seat belt improperly. If you get in a serious collision, your seat belt can cut through your stomach if not properly worn.

Never wear the shoulder strap underneath your arm. There's nothing underneath your arm to stop the seat belt. If you're in any kind of serious collision, it cuts right through your skin, separates your aorta from your heart, and you bleed to death at the scene. If it touches your neck and it's uncomfortable, go out and purchase a sheepskin or cloth covering. You put the covering over the spot on the seat belt that irritates you. This makes wearing the seatbelt more comfortable. For a few dollars, you could also have a mechanic lower it an inch or two.

Did you hear about the guy who parked his car 6 miles away from his neighborhood, because he heard that most crashes occur within 5 miles of home?

FACTS*:

• Safety belts can reduce the risk of fatal injury to front-seat passenger car occupants by 45%.
• 75% of passenger vehicle occupants who were totally ejected from the vehicle were killed. Studies show you are 25 TIMES more likely to be killed or seriously injured when you are thrown clear than when you remain inside your car.
• 1,794 children 0 to 14 years old were killed in motor vehicle crashes during 2006. That is an average of 5 children killed per day!
• In 2006, there were 452 fatalities among children under 5 years of age. Of those 452 fatalities, an estimated 149 (35%) were totally unrestrained.
• Nearly 65% of single-vehicle front-end collisions result in fatality.
• 26% of lateral collisions result in fatality.
• 6% of rear-end collisions result in fatality.
• Motor vehicle collisions occur on our highways about once every 5 seconds.

Unfortunately, there is nothing funny about this.

* Sources
NHTSA's publication - Traffic Safety Facts 2006 - Occupant Protection
NHTSA's publication - Traffic Safety Facts 2006 - Children
NHTSA's publication - Traffic Safety Facts 2006

CHILD ENDANGERMENT

Helmet Law
As of January 1, 2003, California law requires all persons under the age of 18 years of age to wear a properly fitted and fastened bicycle helmet while operating a bicycle or riding upon a bicycle as a passenger, operating a non-motorized scooter or skateboard, wearing inline skates, or while riding upon a non-motorized scooter or skateboard.

Children Unattended in Vehicles

Kaitlyn's Law prohibits parents or guardians from leaving a child 6 years old or under in a vehicle unattended without the supervision of a person who is 12 years of age or older, when the vehicle's engine is running, the keys are in the ignition, or there is significant risk to the child. The law was named for a child who died after being left for two hours in a vehicle in 100 degree heat.

On a hot summer day, the interior of a car can get dangerously hot. One study found* that with the windows up and the temperature outside at 94 degrees, the inside of a car could be 122 degrees in just half an hour or 132 degrees after an hou. Having the window down slightly will only cause a small drop in temperature inside the car — there is no safe way to leave the child in the car alone.

* Fact Sheet, Department of Geosciences, San Francisco State University )

Smoking Law

The Marco Firebaugh Memorial Children's Health and Safety Act of 2007* makes it an infraction for a person to smoke a cigarette, pipe, or cigar in a motor vehicle when a minor is present in the vehicle. The law applies whether the vehicle is stopped or moving, and punishable by a fine of up to $100.

*California Health & Safety §118947

Alarming statistics:

• 29 children died in 2006 from being left inside a hot car
• Total number of deaths from children left in cars, 1998-2006: 320
• Each year an average of 36 children die from hyperthermia

Let's Review

• At 30 MPH, the force of the impact is like being thrown from a 4-story building.
• Most collisions occur while driving a short distance.
• Traffic crashes are number one killer of young children.
• Use Special Federally Approved Child Seats.
• Your seat belt is the most important safety device.
• Don't wear a belt under your arm; you risk getting a separated aorta.

Just Buckle Up

Wear your seat belts every day.

If it's uncomfortable, purchase a covering.

If it's broken get it repaired.

All occupants must wear their seat belts.

Most crashes occur within 5 miles of your home.

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All Improv Traffic School courses are DMV and/or court-approved for online Traffic School and Online Defensive Driving. Many commercial fleets use our Defensive Driving courses in California, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, New Jersey and New York. Some of our most popular programs include: California Online Traffic School, for the CA Court System; Florida DMV Traffic School - Basic Driver Improvement; Georgia court-approved defensive driving course; Idaho DMV Defensive Driving Course; New Jersey DMV Defensive Driving Program; NYS DMV Defensive Driving Program.